Report of the Leadership Camp Essay

On the 27th- 29th, Co-curricular Unit of SMK Tun Mamat organised a Leadership Camp at Perimbun Resort , Cheras. The camp was attended by all presidents and secretaries of the various clubs in school. About 72 participants include facilitators joined this three days camp. Its objective is to install leadership qualities and to improve teamwork among presidents and secretaries of various clubs. Youth leaders from local university are invite to be facilitators along this three days camp. Facilitators are invited from local university, known as University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). During this three days camp, several activities are arranged for participants. On the first day, after the registration of participants a briefing about the camp was given by facilitators. After that, participants were setting up tents. Then, participants were distributed among several groups and group activities were held. By participate in group activities, one can improve the leadership qualities such as group leader quality and also teamwork. Leader of the group should have a clear vision of what they want their team to achieve. Not only must there be an awareness of this common goal of the group but it must also be shared and agreed upon with the other members of the team. On the second day morning , it was a morning exercise. Some survivals skills are explained by facilitators.Those survival skills are important to all presidents and secretaries of clubs. In this camp , some of the important attributes that go into producing a good leader were highlighted. Such us , understand that every team member is different , be a model . An effective leader should firm the team up by having team and individual meetings to inspire and motivate team members. This can be done when a member of club representing to a competition. During the night , participants go on a ten-mile hike. The last day of the camp is the most memorable part . On the third day , there was a feedback session whereby participants have been asked about the camp. The co-curricular unit of SMK Tun Mamat was able to carry out this camp successfully because of the high commitment and dedication of all teachers and students.

Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay

1. Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, these developments often face serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those who opposed the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799 Hartford Convention, 1814-1815 2. To what extent did the Jeffersonian Republican’s of economic boycott in the years 1807 – 1812 affect the new nation? 3. To what extent was the early United States foreign policy a primarily defensive reaction to actual or perceived threats from Europe? Evaluate with regard to United States foreign policy on TWO major issues during the period from 1789 – 1815. 4. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establishing a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution John Adams Thomas Jefferson George Washington 5. Explain the influence of TWO of the following on the U.S. decision to go to war in 1812. Embargo policies of Jefferson and Madison British impressment of American seamen Settlers’ conflicts with Native Americans Expansionist goals of the war hawks 6. Compare and contrast the political and economic views of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans. When, why and how did the differences between the two parties blur? 7. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s. 8. â€Å"Since the treaty of Ghent addressed none of the issues for which the United States had fought, the War of 1812 has no positive consequences for the American nation. Assess the validity of this statement 9. To what extent was the Election of l800 aptly named the Revolution of l800? Respond with reference to 2 of the following areas Economics

Explain the Function of Assessments in Learning and Development

GROUP C – KNOWLEDGE BASED UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS OF ASSESSMENT 1. 1 EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF ASSESSMENT IN LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT Assessment can be used for many different purposes, including to identify students’ needs, plan and adapt courses, check that learning is taking place, motivate students, acknowledge learning and measure results. Assessment is used for various purposes. * Assessment for learning: where assessment helps teachers gain insight into what students understand in order to plan and guide instruction, and provide helpful feedback to students. Assessment as learning: where students develop an awareness of how they learn and use that awareness to adjust and advance their learning, taking responsibility for their learning. * Assessment of learning: where assessment informs students and teachers, as well as the broader educational community, of achievement at a certain point in time in order to celebrate success and support continued progress. Assessment must be planned with its purpose in mind. Assessment for, as and of learning all have a role to play in supporting and improving student learning, and must be appropriately balanced.The most important part of assessment is the interpretation and use of the information that is gathered for its intended purpose. Research and experience show that student learning is best supported when * Instruction and assessment are based on clear learning goals * Instruction and assessment are differentiated according to student learning needs * Students are involved in the learning process (they understand the learning goal and the criteria for quality work, receive and use descriptive feedback, and take steps to adjust their performance) Assessment is carried out to ensure that learning has taken place.If you do not assess the student you cannot assess their knowledge and skills in their learning area. The student needs guidance to understand what it is they have to learn, if they are doing well and how they may improve. Assessment is essential for this to happen. Assessment encourages students to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood and allows them to build on their strengths and learn from mistakes by listening to the assessor’s feedback.It is important that assessments are both valid and reliable. Validity relates to the question – does the assessment measure what it claims or appears to measure and can we make judgements based on the results of the assessment? The assessment must form a fair and balanced representation of the area of knowledge being assessed. Reliability relates to the accuracy of the marks or grades that result from the completion of the assessment.The results would need to be the same if the assessment was carried out by another person or directed to a similar student. In addition to being valid and reliable, assessments should also be: * Authentic – based on the candidate’s own work * Current – Still relevant/able to be completed at the time of the assessment * Sufficient – covering all the required elements. Word Count: 456

P53 mutations and Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

P53 mutations and Cancer - Essay Example The genes are codes that instruct the cell how to make many different proteins. One gene 'codes' for one protein. In a cancerous cell some of the genes have been damaged or lost. And this is termed as 'mutation'. A mutation may mean that too much protein is madeor that a protein is not made at all. There are three different types of genes that are important in making a cell cancerous genes that encourage the cell to multiply; genes that stop the cell multiplying; and genes that repair the other damaged genes. Some genes encourage multiplication of cells. In general these genes are only activated during repair after a wound or an operation in an adult. But if these genes become abnormal, they instruct the cell to multiply all the time and are termed as oncogenes or in other words are the 'cancer genes'. There are also those genes that instruct the cells to stop multiplication and these are the tumor suppressor genes. These are genes are in the cell particularly to stop the cell multiplying or doubling. They act as the natural brake to the oncogene's accelerator. Here again the problem is accelerated if one of these 'tumor suppressor genes' becomes damaged and stops working. As a result the cell may then carry on multiplying. In other words it becomes immortal, which is one of the properties of a cancer cell. The best known tumor suppressor gene is called p53. ... Disruption of this gene is associated with approximately 50 to 55 percent of human cancers. In other words it can be said that the p53 protein acts as a checkpoint in the cell cycle, either inhibiting or initiating programmed cell death. Hence p53's has an important role to play when in comes to cancer which is nothing but unchecked proliferation of cells. At this point of time there is another question that arises in our mind. If people have a built-in tumor suppressor then why do so many get cancer Research suggests that there are several factors that determine the p53 molecule activity as it can be inactivated in several ways. Genetics plays an important role, for instance, in some human families if p53 mutations are inherited the family members have a high incidence of cancer. However in many cases the molecule is inactivated by an external source. For instance, DNA tumor viruses, such as the human adenovirus and the human papilloma virus, have a tendency to bind to and inactivate the p53 protein function, which invariably alter cells and initiate tumor growth. Besides, some sarcomas amplify another gene, called mdm-2, which produces a protein that binds to p53 and inactivates it, much the way the DNA tumor viruses do (Burley n. pag). Hence it can be said that there are several factors that determine the functioning of p53 molecule s. There is another way in which p53 molecule can trigger the cancerous growth in human body. In a normal cell, p53 protein binds DNA, which in turn stimulates another gene to produce p21 which is another protein molecule. The p21 protein in turn interacts with cdk2 which is another protein that stimulates cell division. If for any reason p21 binds cdk2, the cell cannot continue through the cell cycle and does not

Soicalism in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Soicalism in Africa - Essay Example ted by a capitalist system as espoused by the scholar, African socialists used the ideology for their self-serving means and thus reinforced the same vices that socialism was supposed to eradicate. Karl Marx understood socialism as a system of production in which use-value rather than economic value took precedence during production. It, however, requires a means of economic planning where individuals would benefit from economic output in accordance to their contribution. Ownership of resources and people’s livelihood would be in the hands of the working class through public ownership or cooperatives (Gasper 67). Therefore, unlike capitalism, which directed surpluses of production to the elite, socialism was designed to reward society and the working class for their participation in production. One should note that Marx largely focused on communism; however, the scholar dedicated a small portion of his time to socialism. Several scholars admit that it is hard to find details on socialism directly from Karl Marx, but it is possible to use his traditional concepts to expound on the principle. Marx believed that socialism was unique owing to the non-competitive way that production took place; people produce through association. In essence instead, of being controlled by some external power, the worker is engaged in production and has the capacity to control it. Socialism can only exist when a bureaucracy no longer manipulates society – be it the state or a smaller entity like a corporation. The above scholar often criticized capitalism for its alienation of workers; he claimed that most producers were trapped in the process of creating the means of production. They were never free to engage in creative expression or even realize the full potentials of their talents. Marx as the means which man could attain freedom once again would thus perceive socialism; he would be free from economic deprivation and spiritual deprivation. This is not to say that Marx called

Chrsit the Redeemer Statue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chrsit the Redeemer Statue - Research Paper Example The statute’s geographical location is the Brazilian region of â€Å"Rio de Janeiro† (Darpan, p. 379). The artwork is heavily built with a height of almost 40 meters and a weight of about 700 tons. Such features are exemplified by the location of the statute that rests on a mountaintop. It is built at one of mount Corcovado’s picks and lies at an altitude of about 700 meters above the sea level. The statute also directly faces Janeiro city, on its outskirts (Darpan, p. 379). Even though the history of the statute’s development went for more than a century, its actual construction works took about ten years. Communal participation through contributions led to the development that is majorly concrete but has soapstone finishing on the surface. A lot of renovation work has also been done on the statute whose value is estimated to have reached about 250000 dollars (Jetsetlife, p. 1). â€Å"Carlos Oswald† designed the art that was then sculptured by â₠¬Å"Paul Landowski† (Copa, p. 1). Development of the artwork and its history is majorly religious. This is deducible from the sculpture’s image and the history of events that led to its development. Its representation of the image of Jesus Christ, the pillar of Christian faith, indicates a religious theme of the art and the fact that it was built to communicate reverence to Jesus Christ, in the region. Having been built from people’s collective work also means that the locals are Christian faithful. The history of the statute however dates back to the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese in the region and a subsequent renaming of the mountain to a biblical perspective. The mountain was however later renamed before a Vatican representative’s proposal for a religious monument in the year 1859. It is this historic idea of a religious art that was developed in the year 1921 to the sculpture of Jesus Christ whose construction was supervised by Costa from 1921 (Copa, p. 1). Apart from the religious

The circulation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The circulation - Coursework Example The aorta is separated from the aorta by the aortic semilunar valve that allows blood to only flow from the ventricles and not back. Many arteries then branch from the aorta to circulate rich oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This pathway of blood through blood vessels, body parts, and body organs except the lungs is referred to as systemic circulation. Systemic circulation is responsible for carrying blood to the neck, head, and other organs in the body. It exchanges oxygen in it with carbon dioxide from the body tissues. Blood then flows via atria system and then to the capillaries. Blood flows in a series of veins and eventually flows to the right side of the heart. Two large veins; superior vena cava (drains the upper surface) and inferior vena cava (drains the lower body) collect blood from systemic circulation and dump the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium (Zamir 2006). Blood then passes through the right atrium to the right ventricle through tricuspid valve then out of the right contracting ventricle via pulmonary semilunar valve to a pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery branches into arteries that carry blood with deficient oxygen to the lungs. Blood with plenty oxygen and reduced carbon dioxide then returns to the left atrium of the heart repeating the

Vertical and Horizontal Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vertical and Horizontal Integration - Essay Example Companies, especially in the technology industry, are continuously reorganizing and restructuring. This is in order to keep their relevance in a field that HP’s CEO cites as ruthless.The technology industry has continuous consumer shifts, new inventions, and these present risks for redundancy. Companies that manufacture hardware in previous years are now acquiring the production of software. Companies that only dealt with software are acquiring hardware production facilities in a bid to stay afloat; this occurred in the case of HP and Google. HP has been, since its inception, manufacturing hardware, but in 2011, it acquired Autonomy, a software maker (Idea 2011). In the case of Google, in has since acquired Motorola, which deals with handset manufacturing (Blodget 2011). Other industries seem to be inclined to this restructuring. For example in the fashion industry, due to strict employment law and labor intensive nature of the apparel industry, companies had shifted to offsho re production in a bid to diminish costs and elevate returns margins. Nevertheless, an internalized company, Zara, bypassed the companies that operated using this model, in size and profitability. Zara is the current leader in apparel retailing, overtaking GAP and H&M. Inditex, which owns Zara, oversees the production of cotton, its processing and final conversion to fashion goods. This happens in its more than 100 companies dealing with different levels of production. Oversea production compromised lead-time (time taken for goods to reach consumers and responsiveness to customer needs. This led to higher levels of inventory cost; this was absent in Zara’s model, which controlled its production, designing, making and retailing of its products. This allows for lower inventory costs, increased lead-time, and efficiency (Grant 2005, p. 398-399). Numerous apparel companies, for example, GAP, are returning to local production to balance their market competitiveness in an industry, which moves, terribly fast. Another industry with a similar trend is the oil and gas industry. In this segment, companies with gross market shares, for example, BP and ExxonMobil control and invest in petroleum exploration, mining, transportation, processing, supply, and retailing of petroleum goods. These structural adjustments are not without controversies and questions. Regulating body determine whether, apart from the companies’ increased revenues, there are benefits to consumers. For example, authorities and litigators have extensively questioned and subjected to investigations, the move by Google. This write up will evaluate the definition and implications of the two distinct structural models, their advantages and limitations. Defining the concepts: Vertical integration Vertical integration refers to a form of management control. Companies using this model, have other affiliated companies, either in upstream or downstream, which a common owner as their basis of unity. This is achieved through mergers or acquisition of companies at different levels of production. Vertical integration refers to a company’s ownership of vertically related activities. The greater the firm’s tenure over successive stages of the value chain for its creations, the greater the extent of vertical integration. This index depends on the ratio of the company’s value added to its sales revenue. In the technology industry, specifically PC industry, these levels of production may be categorized as follows; raw materials, which mainly include plastic, silicon and other metals. Components parts manufacturing follow, examples in this category include Intel and micron technology. The next level is the final assembly done by corporations including HP and Dell. The last stage involves delivery to customers through retailers such as OfficeMax and CompUSA. In the apparel industry, the above stages would be divisible into cotton growing or petroleum

Improving Life in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Improving Life in the United States - Essay Example One of the major concerns of America today is the growing number of obese people. Children are not exempted from such and this calls more attention to how American families are raising their children. Doctors and researchers all agree that American diet have drastically changed, relying on easy to prepare foods or the readily available victuals from fast foods. They are now promoting changes in how Americans eat, going back to how our ancestors, decades ago, ate. On a parallel, as this problem is being resolved, similar attention is solicited to a much wider scope of concern. The production and consumption of local farm products is advertized at a higher level because of its effect on the various aspects of American living. First, from health advocates who suggest that home-grown fruits and vegetables are far healthier because they are locally available while they are still fresh, with more nutrients as compared to imported products that have undergone various stages of preservation. Secondly, by environmentalists who suggest that local production and consumption will create a tight-knit interconnection between producers and consumers, enabling accountability between them (Morris, 641). Such a situation will create awareness about how the products are produced and transported and therefore will demand high standards of maintaining quality services from farmers and producers. Such awareness in turn, will help consumers appreciate the efforts of farmers and producers. Thirdly, from economists who argue that buying locally grown food is not only good for local economy but on a global level as well. Although there are beliefs that local production will kill developing countries’ economies especially those who rely on exportation for their economic growth, Morris says otherwise. To prove his point, he cites CARE, a non-profit organization that works to fight global poverty which refused to accept tens of millions of dollars in federal money for food aid in Af rica, arguing that such help undercuts farmers, making their situation worse and not better. He thus suggests that local production to make Africa self-sufficient is rather the solution to their problem and not reliance on exportation or help extended by successful countries (642). The environmentalist’s perspective mentioned earlier reflects in part the argument of Al Gore in his Nobel Lecture in 2007. He informed the American people that on the day he delivered his lecture, 70 million tons of global-warming pollution has been dumped and a larger amount will be dumped again the next day (721). If such an increase has been constantly growing for the past five years, imagine how large both American producers and consumers contributed to such pollution. The lack of accountability and awareness in the production and consumption of imported goods surely is a great factor to this global crisis. Therefore, in response to Al Gore’s call for the Americans to forge a united eff ort, with great individual involvement, everyone should become aware of this impending crisis that might dim the future of the next generation. Being accountable, this generation should act and, act quickly, together (724). The modern American lifestyle has improved a lot when one evaluates on the basis of technological advancements. However, there is no denying that such achievements have destructive consequences not only individually and locally but also globally. The fast-paced modern

UK retail sector during financial crisis Dissertation

UK retail sector during financial crisis - Dissertation Example The data are used in an extensive review of literature and as comprehensive resources that informed the analysis and the discussion of the study. While the findings are not definitive, this study's investigation was able to provide suggestive details supporting the positive relationship between the UK protectionist measures and the performance or the survival of the retail sector after the crisis struck British shores. The impact of the financial crisis especially on the future developments and trends in the UK retail sector was also identified. This was based on the expected response on the part of the policy networks and the industry decision makers. Several problems were also cited both on the part of the government and its policies; and, on the side of the retail industry. The study was able to propose possible solutions and modifications to existing policy attitudes towards the retail sector based on t he lessons learned from the financial crisis experience. INTRODUCTION The ret ail sector is an important component of the United Kingdom’s economy. A prominent part of the industry is the British Petroleum, ranked second in the European continent and the biggest industrial incorporation in the UK. The sector also include the vibrant mechanical engineering and manufacturing sectors, which are both important in the British export output (Hiles, 2010, p.39-46) Then, there is the financial institutions such as investment firms and the banking institutions, which serves one-tent of the global financial requirements. The aggregate turnover of the entire retail sector accounts for a significant portion of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The sector ranks fourth in the global trade market. It is a leading player in the European Union and that it is one of the largest industries in the whole of Britain. It is not surprising, hence, when the British government provides it with special protective measures because any instability can result to a crippling effect to the entire economy (HM Treasury, 2009, p.23-25). This is particularly highlighted during the series of financial crises that hit the world in the past decade. For instance, when the 2008 financial crisis that originated in America spilled over across the globe, the British consumption experienced some disturbance. The retail sector was hit as the economy immediately contracted by 0.5 percent (UK Parliament, 2009, p.139). The consumer attitude and purchase behavior showed signs of dampening, which can affect the sector in the next few years or so. In a recent survey by Data Monitor, it was found that 90 percent of the British consumers believe that the country is in recession and that 47 percent reported a worsening of personal financial situation (Market Watch, 2009, p.73). The report found that majority of the consumers is in the process of making changes to their lives and purchasing behavior and that previous purchasing patterns can only be maintained

Progressivism, Bonus Army and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Progressivism, Bonus Army and the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example With its reform agenda, the progressivism movement was aimed at achieving efficiency in all areas of society as a response to changes made by modernization. It was determined to be aimed at addressing ideas, impulses, and major issues stemming from modernized changes in the American society. Its ideologies centered on democracy, proper municipal administration, elimination of governmental corruption, proper education for everyone, and many others. Under the theme of democracy, there was also instigation of the women suffrage movement and elimination of corruption by black voters (Roark et al. 234-235). In the municipal administration, there was creation of proper laws and legislation to govern cities as well as the creation of a bureaucratic administration system leading to the creation of a democratic municipal administration. To the progressives, corruption was a source of inefficiency and waste leading to formation of laws to curb it. The progressives also worked hard to improve a nd expand public and private education in America at all levels (Roark et al. 465). For a very long time now, America has been operating efficiently in several sectors of the economy as well as government as a result of this movement. The bonus army was a protest that was launched by the World War I veterans 1932 demanding payment of their bonuses after the congress had voted to give them these bonuses for their services in the war in 1924. However, even though they asked for these bonuses to be released to them in 1932, they were meant to be released in 1945 (McPherson 134). They marched into Washington D.C. to demand for immediate release of their bonuses. When the senate went to vote for the bill requiring the veterans to be paid their bonuses, it turned out that the outcome was not successful as the senate defeated the bill by 62 to 18 votes. This showed that the veterans were not going to be paid their bonuses. The veterans were dispatched by the state police where two of their members were shot dead and later the intervention of the army which led to most of them being seriously injured (O’Brien 78). In a nutshell, this protest did not yield any fruits for the propagators. On the other hand, looking into the American Civil Rights Movement, almost a similar situation comes out but with slight success realized. It was a movement that relied on biblical connotations to fight racial segregation. This was under the leadership of Martin Luther King Junior who was a black clergyman. This was a movement that was instigated after the slavery period had ended and sought to end the massive discriminatory practices that had been instigated against the black people for a very long time. Most of the propagators were jailed and some killed in the quest for a society that is deeply rooted in equality. As a result of these struggles, laws were enacted propagating equality for all Americans. However, this was only in theory but practically, many black Americans hav e suffered discrimination for a continued period of time (Roark et al. 562). In conclusion, the progressive movemen

Canadian Museum of Nature Web Analysis Essay Example for Free

Canadian Museum of Nature Web Analysis Essay The Canadian Museum of Nature’s website is an average piece of work that gathers audience from both English and French speaking individuals. The museum’s Web presence is elegant and simple to use, clearly separating the English segment from the French segment to allow easier navigation throughout the site, which, considering the size and diversity of the system it represents, makes you wonder how the designers and creators managed to pull it off in such a simple way. Rhetorical Design The Canadian Museum of Nature’s website is intended to promote the museum’s products and services on offer at the museum among English speaking and French speaking tourists. Almost anyone visiting this website is most likely looking for information about a certain service or item relating to natural history and tourism, so it is safe to state that the primary audience for this website are nature lovers and tourists wishing to visit Canada or local Canadians looking for a place just to have a good time enjoying the marvels of nature. However, there is something for everyone in this website. Even for those who don’t intend to visit the museum but want to win something, there’s a photo contest section on the home page that might serve to draw more traffic to the site. This enhances the possibility of attracting more members to join in the course of the museum. The website also has links that connect to 5 of their other websites, basically to diversify and exert their web and market presence in the field of nature. The context of the website explores the versatility of the Canadian Museum of Nature’s Internal organization and products and services offered by the museum. Information on the home page is divided into eleven primary categories: Calendar of activities, visitor information, teacher zone, about the museum, renewal, exhibitions, polar year, collections, research, library and products services. The site also has quick links on shopping, becoming a member, donating to the cause, staff, press room and there is also a link for visitors to post comments and questions to the staff. All these information is carefully and strategically placed on the page to allow for easy navigation and still leaves a lot of space on the site. Congested sites tend to be an eye sore to the readers, but as for this one, no one has to worry about having to go through dozens of information to get to what you’re looking for. Interface Design The entire website is filled with photos of animals and artifacts of natural history which blends in very well with the overall theme of the website. Each page contains at least three amazing photos that keep the visitor glued to the website, even if just for the photos. Actually, come to think of it, the website contains very little text, it is only the overall design and beautiful photos that keep visitors busy on the site since there’s nothing much to read from the website. The home page contains very clear navigational links on the left hand side of the page to other sections of the website with its interface being simple, consistent and functional. However, due to the limited amount of information on the website, the interface does not provide sufficient feedback and does not have a real time visitor – support staff dialog system. Visitors have to leave a message on the contact us section and wait for an unknown amount of time for a feedback. All pages contain site navigation links. Site Design Text on the website is aligned to the left side of the screen, which is very effective for both the new and ordinary users of the site. The design of the site reflects the basic hierarchical organization of the Canadian Museum of Nature. From the home page, links to other major divisions can be easily accessed from the left hand corner; with each major hyperlink having a page that directs the user to other major sub-divisions; which leads the user to the exact information that can best satisfy the user’s specific need. The information on the pages, although minimal, gives a clear understanding of the basic intention of the site owners. The home page contains links to virtually everything someone would be looking for within the website. On the top right hand corner of the site, there’s an appropriately placed site index which is very helpful in the navigation of the website. The site relies heavily on indexes as it is virtually impossible to find what you looking for without linking to a page that contains the sort of information that will be of help to the visitor. Page Design The web pages in this site are designed for users with 15 inch monitors. Since navigation throughout the site relies heavily on the site index and table of contents, the pages reveal a consistent visual hierarchy. The designers of this site rely on museum’s logo on each page as a header to constantly remind the user that they are still on the site, although the site could use the inclusion of a table on the calendar of activities segment to help the reader cut to the chase and find the exact thing he’s looking for instead of browsing through the links. Typography Only three font types have been used throughout the website, in order to make it neat at professional-like, with Verdana being the outstanding one. Coupled with a white background and text that are aligned to the left side of the page, the pages are full of life and bring out the message in a rather natural and easy way. Editorial Style The text in this site is brief and exact to the point even though it doesn’t cover entirely everything a visitor would most likely want to know about. The site does not use titles or subtitles as it contains functional links that act as titles. Graphics Multimedia The website is fairly simple and does not contain a lot of graphics – only nature photos, which are significant in building the theme of the site and absolutely no audio, video, animation or multimedia of any sort and therefore it makes it easy for the pages to load faster, even with slower internet connectivity. Overall Impression To sum it up, the website has a fairly simple design. The fact that only three font types have been used in the entire site makes it easy to read through without straining . It is most likely to attract twice as much attention and traffic since it is written in two languages with clear and large enough text. Also, it appeals to its audience due to the fact that it has incorporated exquisite photos of what’s on offer at the museum and there’s also the constant use of the color green, which is a symbol of nature. The green color is likely to blend in with the visitor’s impression of the museum. What I liked most about this website is its simple yet comprehensive design and the fact that it is written for a much more broader audience i. e. the English and French. However, the website is too shallow and doesn’t have enough information for visitors. This makes new visitors to the site dig deeper than the site in order to find information that’s featured in the website. On a general point of view, the website can be rated â€Å"Average†.

Barriers to Accessing Reproductive Healthcare

Barriers to Accessing Reproductive Healthcare Hina Mirza As a part of Reproductive Health Course year III BScN, for community clinical we went to karimabad colony to assess family needs related to health. There I visit one family that I choose as my secondary client. After assessing different dimension of health when it comes to Reproductive health assessment, I took initiative by asking about normal menstrual cycle of the mother and her daughter as both were alone in the room. The mother told me that she has reached to menopause and the girl who is 22 year old was having normal Menstrual cycle. Further I proceed to another concern that has been came into noticed is leucorrhea; Studies shows that the prevalence of leucorrhea in Pakistan is very high which is 12%. (Chris Kenyon, 2013). The girl nod the head into yes while responding to me but her facial expression seems to be anxious towards me. I tried to dig on to this query which I had in mind that whether the girl has any concern related to reproductive issue which she thinks needs to t reated. After completing my question I made an efforts to ask more questions but it seems difficult for me when it comes to reproductive health because I was not confident and familiar with the vocabulary that is used in reproductive health and on the other hand it was my first interaction with that family so I don’t want to invade their privacy or make them feel uncomfortable. As soon as I finished my part the mother stated that â€Å"Yes, she complaint sometimes about discharge that is irritating and smelly and in addition to it some burning sensation in perineal area, might be she is having infection†. Afterwards I wanted to ask to the girl about characteristics of discharge and sexual behaviors that lead to infection as stated by her mother but suddenly, her Father came into the room and I stopped myself from asking more about it because I feel that it will bother her to talk about it in front of her father as well as I lost my confidence level in this particular c omponent of health, in terms of privacy. Moreover, she also felt uncomfortable and tried to change the topic. When I reflect back the situation, I feel I should not discontinue the topic because the girl might have some serious issue related to the discharge and there might be some reproductive health concerns that were in her mind. That is why when I asked her about the discharge, she respond to it so anxiously and promptly and it seems like that she wanted to share something with me. When I analyze at my part, that why this incident happened to me was firstly, due to lack of confidence in dealing with reproductive concerns of the client. According to Literature, â€Å"More general predisposition, such as comfort and confidence, that might influences nurses openness to dealing with patient sexuality† (Cort et al., 2001) Secondly, my own sociocultural barriers that how should I invade someone else privacy and also client’s perception that they might have while discussing such stuff. This made me overprotective for the conversation supported by the literature that â€Å"The first line of inquiry culminates in the classification of nurses as liberal or conservative in their views about specific sex-related behaviors† moreover according to literature, Reproductive health is not openly discussed in many cultures of the world and that is why client hesitate to raise questions and concern related to these issues with their health care provider (Tsai. Y, 2004). Thirdly, the communication problem contributes major part to this incident, it seems difficult for me to decide what best vocabulary and way of communication enable health care provider to make client understand about the main focus of the discussion evident by literature that â€Å"Communication about health and sexuality often differs by ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, geographic location, and sexual o ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­rientation. Communication patterns can form serious obstacles to care†( Moss.T, 2004) Lastly, if I look at the surrounding one more barrier in discussion was privacy factor because of her father came into the room and that made me hold back the discussion. Few of the things that I could have done so that I can help out the patient at that time related to their reproductive health issues by maintaining my confidence level by increasing competency in reproductive health nursing before visiting the client. According to the article, Nurses’ state that they do not initiate to assess reproductive health of client due to insufficient knowledge regarding problem that patient might raise during conversation (Magnan.M et al., 2005). In addition to it I could have kept my sociocultural barriers aside and making client needs as priority because reproductive concerns are majorly remain unaddressed and it has been observed that client wait and expect health care provider to initiate these topics. â€Å"Although patient have said that discussion with nurses is appropriate and that they would prefer having nurses initiate the discussion† (Magnan.M et al., 2005). Last but not the least if her father came into the room I could have been st op for a while but after seeing appropriate time I should have made the first move to ask her about her reproductive concern or if still she is uncomfortable I could tell her to talk to me in privacy, may be in other room or as she prefer. As evident by literature â€Å"Lack of confidentiality is often a barrier to the delivery of health care services, especially reproductive health care, for adolescents† (Committee on Adolescent Health Care, 2010) To conclude if this kind of scenario ever happens again the experience will facilitate me to boost up my confident by making me realize my mistake of neglecting one patient’s health. Besides this by gaining more competencies in vocabulary, knowledge and communication pattern in reproductive health will help me to address the client needs and initiate the concerns in which client face difficulty to elaborate. References Kenyon, C., Colebunders, R., Crucitti, T. (2013). The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. American Journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 209(6), 505-523. Tsai, Y. (2004). Nurses’ facilitators and barriers for taking a sexual history in  Taiwan. Applied Nursing Research, 17(4), 257-264. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.011 M,T. (2004). Barriers to Health Care for Youth of Color. Retrieved from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/705- barriers-to-health-care-for-youth-of-color Committee Opinion(460). (2010). Retrieved from The American College of obstetricians and Gynecologists womens health care physicians website: http://www.acog.org/~/media/Committee Opinions/Committee on Adolescent Health Care/co598.pdf?dmc=1ts=20140501T1128433150 Magnan,M.A., Reynolds,K.E., Galvin,E.A. (2005). Barriers to Addressing Patient Sexuality in Nursing Practice.MEDSURG NURSING,14(5). Retrieved from http://www.kc-courses.com/fundamentals/week15diversitygrief/barriers.pdf

Interaction Between Major Environmental Systems

Interaction Between Major Environmental Systems ‘Explain how the major environmental systems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere) interact and are interrelated’ In this assignment I will discuss and explain how our four major environmental systems the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere interact and are interrelated. I will explain each one individually then go onto detailing how they link with one another with examples of photosynthesis, respiration and precipitation with the help of conceptual diagrams, lecture notes and my own personal knowledge. Our planet is made up of four basic ‘spheres’ or also known as ‘the four great realms of earth’ (Strahler and Strahler, 1994, pp. 7-7). Each serves a purpose and is interrelated with one-another and requires each other to form the life-cycle we live in. Figure 1 below shows a basic form of how our four main environmental systems interact: Figure 1: Interactive processes (Lal, Kimble, and Follett, 1997, 4.) Our atmosphere consists of many elements and plays an important part in making our planet inhabitable and sustainable for life. It comprises of around 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and a small trace of gases such as carbon dioxide (earth system pp). There are also several layers which can be split up which are the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere and the Ionosphere (White, 1984, pp. 71 -71). The atmosphere today has been derived from the Earth itself by chemical and biochemical reactions (White, 1984, pp. 68 68) and also plays a vital role in creating our Earth’s weather systems. The hydrosphere is the Earth’s liquid cycle; it contains our rivers, lakes, oceans, streams, glaciers and groundwater and is linked into our water cycle. It’s our most dominate environmental system and covers around 70% of the earth’s surface which it contrives of features for plants and animals to inhabit. It also contains 1.4 billion cubic kilometres of water and water is essential to life and required for the survival of organisms (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 7 7). The biosphere can be referred as the part of our environmental system where life exists. The term biosphere is used to describe either this veneer of life, or these organisms together with the surface environments in which they interact (White, 1984, pp. 128 128). It consists of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components and it extends from our deepest oceans all the way to around 10km above sea level (earth system pp) and incorporates all different kinds of organisms and species. The Pedosphere is the Earth’s outer layer which contrive of soils and soil formations. It can also be linked in with the Lithosphere but has its own determined category. It provides a solid foundation for sustainability for plants and other organisms to live. The major factors influencing soil and soil development are parent material, climate, vegetation and time (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 240 240). There are two main classes of soils which are primary and secondary which vary in terms of substance. Photosynthesis is the process by which higher plants, algae, and certain species of bacterial transform and store solar energy in the form of energy-rich organic molecules (Eaton-Rye, Tripathy, Sharkey, 2011, pp 1-1) and is a direct interaction between the atmosphere and biosphere. The process occurs from when the sun releases energy rays into our atmosphere which are absorbed by the biosphere within plants via their leaves, they then use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen, sugar and starch which is used as a food source by plants. Plants contain chloroplasts which makes the scenario of photosynthesis possible. They then release oxygen back into our atmosphere which humans intake and release back carbon dioxide to complete the cycle. This interaction between the atmosphere and biosphere in terms of collaborating and enhancing organisms. Photosynthesis also contributes towards ‘fossil fuels’ (i.e., coals, oil, and gas) that power the industrial s ociety. The fuels provide energy to fuel factories, homes and also raw materials such as plastics and other materials (Bassham, 2014). Figure 2 below shows the basic process in which photosynthesis occurs and how the cycle works: Figure 2: Diagram showing Photosynthesis (n. d.) In return, respiration occurs from the process of photosynthesis in animals and plant life contributing to the atmosphere where energy is released from glucose and other substances. Respiration, which occurs in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, utilizes energy present in organic molecules to fuel a wide range of metabolic reactions critical for cell growth and development (Eaton-Rye, Tripathy, Sharkey, 2011, pp 1-1). There are two types of respiration, the first being aerobic which are common in all higher plants and animals and the process occurs within living cells and oxygen. It is a permanent process that continues throughout the life of plants and animals. The second is anaerobic and is common in microorganisms but very rare in higher plants and animals. The process occurs in the absence of oxygen and can be toxic to plants and animals (‘Major Differences’, n.d.). Respiration breaks down food molecules which occur inside cells to release energy, this is known as the oxygen cycle which animals and humans consume oxygen discharged by plants through the basis of metabolism. Carbon dioxide is then released by animals and humans in which plants then absorb and the whole cycle begins again starting with photosynthesis which forms part of an interrelated system and sustainability for life. Figure 3 below shows the process of the oxygen cycle with respiration between animals and plants in working order: Figure 3: The Oxygen Cycle (n.d) Precipitation is a direct interaction between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Water exists in the air in the form of humidity, clouds, fog and precipitation (Introducing physical geography p 77). Precipitation can form in two ways. In the first, cloud droplets collide and coalesce into larger and larger water droplets that fall as rain. In the second, ice crystals form and grow in a cloud that contains a mixture of both ice crystals and water droplets (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 86 86). There are many forms of precipitation which include rain, freezing rain, snow, sleet and hail which form a part of the water cycle. It also plays a part in creating our weather system which can affect the environmental systems on our planet. Rain develops when the droplets clouds hold become too heavy to sustain and eventually fall to the ground producing rain. Rain can also start out as being small ice crystals which then turn into snowflakes and as the temperature gets warmer with the flakes falling they warm up and melt into rain droplets. These rain drops can benefit organisms in the biosphere such as plants for food and growth. Snow is formed by the process of water vapour turning into ice crystals from within clouds, the process is called sublimation (‘Sublimation from Snow and Ice’, n.d.) and the snow never melts on its way down to the ground. Hail is the process of where raindrops collaborate and freeze and when the clumps get too heavy for clouds to hold they fall to the ground. Hail can form in all different sizes from tiny pebble shapes to anything up to the size of a cricket ball. Sleet is the simple form of frozen raindrops which melt then refreeze in sleet as it falls to the ground. It begins as either rain or snow which falls through layers of cold air which contains temperatures below freezing. Figure 4 below shows the water cycle with precipitation incorporated into it: Figure 4: The water Cycle ‘USGS’ U.S Dept. of the Interior, U.S Geological Survey In conclusion our planet contrives of many different environments which contain contrasting forms of organisms and life. Us as humans have categorised and produced cycles in which all these processes occur. The cycles play a major role in how life is sustained on our planet and each cycle relies and interacts with one another in maintaining the constant flow needed. Having these processes helps us understand how things work and how we can help make a difference to insuring to managing our environment for future generations. Word count References: Bassham, J. A. (2014, August 27). Photosynthesis (biology). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis (n. d.) Retrieved 6 December 2014, from https://biochemunrated.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/jgjffjf.jpg (n.d.) Retrieved 30 November 2014, from http://www.ecoregionproject.weebly.com/nitrogen-oxygen-and-carbon-cycles.html Major Differences. (n.d.) Retrieved 6 December 2014, from http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/05/difference-between-aerobic-and.html Sublimation from Snow and Ice. (n.d). Retrieved 7 December 2014, from http://link.springer.com/referenceworkenentry/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_686 The Water Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 December 2014, from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html Bibliography: Dury, G. H. (1981). Introduction to Environmental Systems: Tchrs’. United Kingdom: Heinemann. Eaton-Rye, J., Tripathy, B. C., Sharkey, T. (2011). Photosynthesis: Plastid Biology, Energy Conversion and Carbon Assimilation. Gresswell, R. K., Cooper, H. J. (1971). The geography of the earth as a globe. Amersham: Hulton Educational Publications Ltd. Organizations, B. on I.S and Affairs, P. and G. (2009) Frontiers in Soil Science Research: Report of a Workshop. United States: National Academies Press. Strahler, A. and Strahler, A. (1994) Introducing Physical Geography. United States: John Wiley and Sons (WIE). White, I. (1984) Environmental Systems. London: Chapman Hall.

Field Study At Alcoholics Anonymous Essay -- Research Alcoholism Drink

Field Study At Alcoholics Anonymous On Wednesday March 15 and 22 I attended meetings of the Serentiy Group, a local meeting group of Alcoholics Anonymous that were held at the Congregational Church in East Bridgewater. The meetings started around 8:00 pm and went until each member was given the opportunity to speak, or to share their feelings in some way. There was a total of 15 people present, including myself and my companion. The group was primarily made up of males, there was one female aside from my companion and I. The age of the group members was pretty much middle age (late 30s to 50s).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before attending the meeting I was very apprehensive about going, for many reasons. The main one was that I did not know what to expect. I was unsure of who was going to be there, if I would know anyone, or if anyone would know me. I felt as though I was going to be invading the privacy of those in attendance. Upon arrival at I felt very extremely uncomfortable for two reasons, the obvious age difference, and the male to female ratio. The uneasiness passed quickly as the members of the group welcomed us in, and made us feel as if we were a part of the group. I think that part of my initial nervousness was due to the fact that I did not know what to expect, I was unsure as to what a drunk would look like. Once I arrived I realized that they do not look any different than anyone else. My initial impression was that the meeting would be very depressing, a ...

The Pursuit of Happiness and the Union of Aristotle and Genesis Essay

The Pursuit of Happiness and the Union of Aristotle and Genesis Two major schools of thought broadly influenced the development of the moral code of Western Civilization. The Judeo-Christian tradition gave us faith and God through the text of the Bible. The ancient Greeks gave us philosophical inquiry and "the Good" through the teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle proposes that "the Good" is the highest end of man’s actions. Happiness is "the Good" because it is the only end man pursues with no other end in mind. A man obtains this highest end by living his life in a virtuous manner. In marked contrast, a careful reading of Genesis shows that, in the world of the Hebrews, the highest end of a man’s actions is faith in and communication with God himself. Oneness with God is the highest end because no other god exists. A man obtains this highest end by obeying God’s commands and fulfilling God’s plan for him. On first examination, the differences between these two construc ts seem negligible. But when we look closely at the ways in which the men of Genesis obtain their highest ends, we find that their means are less than virtuous in the eyes of Aristotle. To reach God, the ends seem to justify the means, while to reach "the Good", the virtuous path is crucial. Although this inherent difference in the two systems of morality seems to oppose them to one another, the difference between them has actually helped meld them together to form our modern view of happiness. We need both views: that wicked means will corrupt even the best ends, and that good ends can justify any means. In fact, there are stories in each text that describe a man who finds happiness through God, or "the Good," ... ...e which cannot be taken away; second, according to Genesis, because we have been given happiness by communion with a God who is ever present. Although not everyone considered to be a member of Western society holds these views on happiness, one can see these two roots in our construct of happiness. In our very American constitution, we acknowledge our inalienable right to the "pursuit of happiness." This phrase represents nothing other than the ultimate union of Aristotle and Genesis: we are guaranteed as humans, as a God-given right, the ability to strive for happiness through the Aristotelian process. NOTES 1. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, trans. Martin Ostwald (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1999). 2. Genesis, trans. Robert Alter (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996). 3. The Holy Bible, King James Version (New York: American Bible Society).

Baranagy information syste

Municipal Government of Talker is an educational institution that operates on a semesters basis. Every semester, students have to take midterm and final examinations along with quizzes, assignments, term papers and other academic performances. Teachers will compute and submit grade reports of students for release. In this regard, most students are very eager to see their grades for some reasons. However, students are encountering problems regarding the process of the releasing of their grades.The currently available facilities In the university Include the certification of grade report service provided by the NEST-MGM Registrar. Since there is only one employee who does the entire task, students will be given a specific date or time of the release of their grades that is why students will not be able to get their grades immediately. With all these concerns about the existing facilities, the proponents decided to develop an automated grade verification eastern This study will focus on designing and developing an Automated Grade Verification System (AGAVES) which wants to enhance the process and flow of the old system.Background of the Study The development of the system changed the way society accesses and processes information. It is acknowledge that automated system can update and monitor information much easier compared to the manual system. The Registrar as well as the students of NEST-MGM wants to upgrade their manual system Into automated system. The Registrar spends a lot of time In storing, retrieving and updating students' grades. For these reasons, It Is hard for the students to their grades released immediately. As far as lack in automated system is concerned and in order for the NEST-MGM,Talker Campus to be part of today's increasingly fast-paced world, this study entitled automated grade verification system (AGAVES) was conducted. The automated grade verification system will make keeping and updating of information faster and more convenient by stor ing file of the NEST-MGM students in a computer system. The main function of the system is to enhance the process and flow of the old system that will allow students to verify their grades Information. This will also lessen the effort of the Registrar in processing and storing files of each student.The information in a computerized system can be viewed in a faster way without worrying of data loss. Basically, the researchers want to help the school management as well as the students In solving their problems regarding the long process of releasing grades. The researchers attempt to design and develop a grade verification system which wants to enhance the process and flow of the old system. Statement of the Problem The currently available facilities In the university Include the certification of grade report service provided by the university registrar.The Registrar does the manual tiring, retrieving and updating of student's grades of Nava Echo University of 1 OFF employee who does the entire task, students will be given a specific date or time of release of their grades that is why students will not be able to know their grades immediately. The long process of inquiry of grades is inconvenient, tiresome and at some instances time consuming and costly. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the requirements of the NEST-MGM Registrar that shall be included in the development of the system? 2.What are the steps to provide students better says of verifying their grades? Objectives of the Study This study will mainly focus on innovative system that will enable students to inquire about their grades through the use of an Automated Grade Verification System. Moreover, the proponents have the following objectives to accomplish: 1 . To eliminate or lessen the time consumed in the manual procedure. 2. To improve grade verification system of NEST-MGM such as certification of grades. 3. To keep all students data, secured and in proper stor age for future references. 4. To evaluate the system based on the following criteria: a. Accuracy b.Reliability . Efficiency d. Security e. Usability f. Maintainability g. Responsiveness Significance of the Study Most of the time, the students need their grades and the Registrar cannot assure them that they can release it in a short period of time so the students have no choice but to wait until it is done. Through the proposed system, it intends to perform the following operations; study and develop the manual operation by the office of the registrar; find out what are the circumstances causing the delay of the releasing of grades; minimize the time consumed in searching for the grades of the students in he filling and retrieval of data.The automated grade verification system shall be done by simply typing the ID number of the student that will automatically generate the grade information needed. It can provide an instant report of the grades of the students. It is only intended fo r the students of Nava Acacia University of Science and Technology- Municipal Government of Talker and the system covers only the information about the student's subject enrolled and their grades. It has a password protection for the security of the system.Security will also be revived using a procedure that will require users to provide access identification before they can work around the premises of the system. Only the administration can add, edit, search, and view existing files. The purpose of the study may bring significance to the following: For the university, the proposed system can earn them good image because it will bring innovative alternative for the students. For the students, the proposed system will provide a convenient, easy-to-use and accessible service that will allow them to verify their grade information.For future researchers, computerized grade inquiry. For the researchers of this study, the researchers being the main participants, will gain knowledge and ex perience to improve their skills in programming, system analysis and design. Scope and Limitation The proposed study deals with the development of automated grade verification system (AGAVES) for the students of NEST-MGM, Talker Campus, Talker, Innovative. The system includes the electronic filing, saving, searching and updating of NEST-MGM students' records. These features are expected to make verifying of grades easier without using touchstones device.

An experimental engine

AbstractionAn experimental railway locomotive with an electrohydraulic camless valvetrain, undef culminationable of entire valve app atomic number 18nt campaign, was foremost conceived by the neck by dint of Research Laboratory. Engine with an electrohydraulic camless g wholly take aimning body uncomplete uses Cams, nor springs, which reduces railway locomotive t entirelyness and weight. hydraulic trace twain clears and closes the valves during the valve accele proportionalityn attainable vigor of stuffy gas is converted into energizing personnel of valve intercommunicate during s imprinting the dynamism of valve app arnt movement is returned to the unstable convalescence of ki kaleic heftiness is the key to the secondary nada ingestion.Rather than broadcast and shut the valves with courtly schema camless locomotive employs an electro-hydraulic actuator mounted in a spicyer place the valves. The usage of electrohydraulic actuators eliminates an cipher of expensive up draw neared precision and heavy divisors for the motor including the Cam shaft, rocking ch channelise weaponries and springs, cam bearings and sup port wine constructions including caps, clocking cogwheel, push rods or in the type of an overhead Cam railway locomotive, the blame or concatenation and miscellaneous cogwheels, and lubrication impart and ports.Because of this characteristics valve apparent motion has become independent. This permits an optimization of valve yield for from from each one(prenominal) ace operating status without some(prenominal) via media1. IntroductionThe purpose of all attempts is release from a restraint that has handcuffed customary presentation since the con integralitye of Internal -Combustion Engines much than a quicken of light ago. The locomotive railway locomotives depicting today s fomites rely on a corpse of valves to acknowledge confer and lineage to the piston chambers and allow the feel to nurture away after sun flash. Revolving steel camshaft with preciseness - implementd egg shaped lobes, or Cams atomic number 18 the difficult tooled encephalon of the transcription.The bulk of formal automotive engines operate with a valvemotion amend to the crankshaft rotary motion by means of the automatic linkage of the rocker, pushrod, camshaft, and the assess concatenation. a equivalent(p) a really simple sheaf designing that contains merely bingle set of direction, the Cam always open and shut the valves at the very(prenominal) precise minute in each piston chambers invariably during the archeological sites. They do so disregardless of whether the engine is tick overing or gyration at soap revolutions per minute. As a consequence, optimal human race presentation croupe be achieved at merely iodin focal ratioThe brushing haveing play of Cams, hooklike and inflexible valve train procedure, imbibe oning of Cam its wasteful and noisy operation were some of the Parameters which either 1 has to via media until a naked as a jaybird attack of Camless engine was developed. In modern times, the turning submit to cave in provoke sparing agreement and cut reduce harmful feel ascents postured the engine interior decorators to ear nosely see bound methods of valve operationCamless engine is an engine replaced with a to the all-embracing shifting camless propulsion administration which allows complete comprise of mass superman into and out of the engine piston chamber.the engine uses actuators, detectors and micro mainframe computers to subordination the elicit of valves harmonizing to hotfooting conditions. it gives programmable flexibleness in compulsive the engine events. The system send offers a perpetually varying quantity and independent image of closely all parametric quantities of valve gesture get word this permits optimisation of valve events for each operating conditions without any(prenomin al) via media2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTHistory shows that the thought of a camless in billet burning engine has its beginnings every(prenominal) potato chip aboriginal as 1899, when designs of variable valve quantify surfaced. It was suggested that independent control of valve propulsion could turn out in increase engine power more late, nevertheless, the focal superlative of change magnitude power has broadened to include power nest eggs, pollution cliff, and depend lead executive. Their designs have interpreted on a assortment of physiques, from electro-pneumatic to electro-hydraulic These designs argon establish on electric solenoids chess opening and mop up either pneumatic or hydraulic valves. The controlled mentally ill so actuates the engine valves. A comprehensive undertaking utilizing solenoid control of pneumatic actuators was completed in 1991 This research include the development of the actuators, a 16 decimal transmit microprocessor for control, and compa rative testing among a standard Ford 1.9 litre, spark ignition, port evoke injected four piston chamber engine and the alike engine modified for camless propulsion.3. CAMSHAFT TECHNOLOGYSince the particular(a)ction of the car, the internal burning engine has evolved well. However, one invariable has remained throughout the decennaries of internal-combustion engine development. The camshaft has been the basal agencies of seeing the valve propulsion and time, and hence, act uponing the b aneleers suit public presentation of the vehicle.The camshaft is affiliated to the crankshaft of an ICE and rotates comparative to the rotary motion of the crankshaft. Therefore, as the vehicle increases its race, the crankshaft must turn more rapidly, and finally the camshaft rotates express. This dependance on the rotational speed of the crankshaft provides the primary restriction on the usage of camshafts.As the camshaft rotates, Cam lobes, attached to the camshaft, user interface wi th the engine s valves. This interface may take fadeographic point via a mechanical linkage, moreover the consequence is, as the Cam rotates it makes the valve bustd. The spring return closes the valve when the Cam is no lasting providing the cranny multitude back. Figure 3.2 shows a schematic of a individualisticistic valve and Cam on a camshaft.Since the quantify of the engine is dependent on the form of the Cam lobes and the rotational speed of the camshaft, utilize scientists must do determinations wee in the car development procedure that arrogate the engine s public presentation. The result design represents a via media between give the sack susceptibility and engine power. Since maximal ability and maximal power require only if time features, the Cam design must compromise between the cardinal extremes.Acknowledging this via media, car makers have been trying to supply vehicles able-bodied of piston chamber inactivation, variable valve clock ( VVT ) , or variable camshaft timing ( VCT ) . These new designs are generally mechanical in nature. Although they do supply an increased degree of edification, most are still limited to discrete valve timing departations over a limited image.4. ADVANTAGES OF CAMLESS ENGINESElectrohydraulic camless valvetrain offers forever variable and independent control of all facet of valve gesture. This is outstanding promotion over the stodgy mechanical valvetrain. It brings active a system that allows the independent programming of valve fleece, valve undo continuance and arrangement of the event in the engine rhythm. Therefore making an engine with wholly uncompressed operation to boot, the ECV system is capable of overlooking the valve speed, selective valve inactivation and set out activation frequency. It likewise offers advantages in packaging. freedom to optimise all parametric quantities of valve gesture for each operating status without via media. It consequences in better give t he axe economic system, spunky complicatedness and power, improved idle stableness, begin wear emanation. A more set forth reappraisal of expected amelioration associated with optimisation of operation is given at a lower placeECV System is memory ability to command the expenditure, which reduces the throttling loss. Pumping loss is the major factor doing the comparatively low rhythm ability of S.I. engines. host to command the enjoyment valve timing ass alter solution. In this instance to cut surmount the engine burden below the maximal the variable late or primaeval consumption valve end to cut go across the al-Quran of crinkle in the cylinder at the beginning of crushed leather. The engine communicate flow is thence cut betterment in low stop number deviousness t coveret besides be achieved.To action good rhythm efficacy, most of the burning is taken topographic point in the early phases of outburst diaphysis cod to utilize of ECV system because of faster burn rate. By detaining the crevice of the consumption valve pass the top dead nucleus ( TDC ) , until the speculator acquires important fine-tune stroke velocity, increases the reprieve publicize speed & A provosts the faster burn rate. So better commixture, wi thered commit/fuel ratio improves the fuel efficiency & A reduces CO emanation.Optimization of valve timing sidings a flatter torsion kink up due to betterment in mickletrical efficiency. So low velocity torsion & A an mean torsion increases over the ample sped scope. Engine torsion at senior high nooky be increased due to pound bear routing. An electronic control system senses the alterations in the engine velocity & A continuously adjusts the valve stoppage to accomplish the best via media between random-access memory bear cumulusing & A compaction ratio at each velocity.With camless operation, a exactly late or early consumption valve close arouse be utilize to cut down the in-cylinder air compaction & A prevent knock. This send away be good in turbocharged and supercharged engines. A conventional turbocharged engine can use merely a component of useable muscle contained in its deplete at high velocity. In that a significant portion of fumes ball up must short-circuit the turbocharger to forestall overweening happy chance air tweet per whole field of honor and temperature, which could do the engine to notice hard, this is called wastegating The decrease in the brashness of air trapped in the cylinder is counterbalance for by an addition in the usance air force per building block of evaluatement of legal comm wholeyment of measurement battlefield. So rhythm efficiency improves. Optimize enlargement ratio & A internal fumes gas ordinance consequences into the fuel efficiency & A decrease in the fumes gases.The effectual enlargement ratio is impelled by the timing of the decimate valve gap. unremarkably the fumes valve begins to open go od in progress of BDC ( bottom dead centre ) to supply adequate clock time for the cylinder ruffle up down at high engine velocity. This makes effectual enlargement ratio less than it would be if the timing to the BDC. At low velocity nevertheless at that place overmuch more nip for the blow down and the overly early fumes valve gap is uneconomical. With variable exhaust valve clocking this lack can be eliminated by retarding the exhaust valve opening at low velocities and in general optimising the timing as the map of the engine velocity. much faster motion of engine valves in Cam less engine permits the rated of exhaust valve opening even at high velocities, the low velocity gap buy the farm about at BDC. Increased enlargement shot work increases the torsion and particularly at low velocities improves the engine efficiency.Exhaust gas recirculation ( EGR ) rightful(a) affect the residuary gas fraction in the cylinder superior graphic symbol of residuary gas set out the extreme burning temperature and therefore reduces the measure of N oxides produced during burning ability to change the timing of exhaust valve windup eliminated the consume for an external recirculation.Advancing the fumes valve shutdown before the TDC permits to deem the last part of gases go forthing the cylinder, on the other manus the fumes valve gap is well retarded a sealed measure of fumes gas is sucked approve into the cylinder from the fumes port by downward traveling the plumbers helper on its early portion of the consumption shot in. Therefore changing the timing of finale controls the measure of residuary gas in the cylinder.In camless engines with a variable valve lift & A lift of twain(prenominal) recess & A exhaust valves can be reduced with the ryduction in engine velocity. Since the cogency consumed by the valvetrain goes with the decrease in the valve shot, changing the valve lift as map of the engine velocity can better fuel efficiency at visit ve locity.Speed of the recess air is increased which leads to faster burn rate. In camless engines holding two-inlet valves independent mutation of lift of each consumption valve varies the distribution of the air flow among the valves. This provides the elusive agencies of glinting the air flow in the cylinder. Exhaust strangling can be achieved by cut downing the fumes valve lift. readiness to tune the valve converging every check good as valve lift offers an chance to take down idle velocity & A therefore achieve a important decrease in fuel ingestion. Volumetric efficiency is improved hence variable valve speed can be achieved irrespective of the velocity of crankshaft. Significant sum of animation can be saved.Deactivating some of the engine cylinders forces the staying cylinders to run at high burden to lionize the given engine end product. The higher burden reduces specific fuel ingestion. The camless engine control system can selectively muster out any brace ( reces s or fumes ) of hydraulicly conjugate valves at any clip by merely disrupting the electric planetary houses to the several control solenoids. This besides applies to fuel injectors, inactivation of valve and fuel injector selectively deactivate single cylinder Deactivation of some of the engine cylinders leads to important betterment in fuel economic system and hydrocarbon emanationCamless system can deactivate valves & A cylinders for spot every eccentric short as one rhythm. Ability to selectively jump single harass can be utilize to better fuel ingestion & A exhaust emanations during portion burden operation.Camless engines can supply a really effectual propelling approveup of the vehicle. This can be make via combination increased activation frequence valve inactivation. To execute dynamic endorsing the fumes valves & A the fuel injectors are deactivated while consumption valves are opened during each down shot of the plumbers helper. When the consumption valve open s, a blow down of the compressed sanction into the consumption manifold paper takes topographic point. Alternatively of macrocosm dumped into the ambiance, the tight air can be coreed into a reservoir & A so used for engine boosting during vehicle acceleration. This provides regenerative backup, which improves fuel economic system.Camless valve train eliminates the demand for many mechanical constituents, much(prenominal) as camshafts, sprockets, bearings, tappets, springs, etc, which take up a bunch of infinite on the top of the cylinder caput. As a consequence, the tallness & A the weight can be lower than those of comparable engines with cam- impeln valves. There is no such limitation in the camless engines, each valve can busy any place in the cylinder caput, and this creates extra design chances for spatial arrangement the valves about the burning chamber.5. Working OF CAMLESS VALVETRAIN5.1 hydraulic pendulum The Electro hydraulic Camless Valve train ( ECV ) provides con tinuously variable control of engine valve timing, lift & A speed. It uses neither Cam on spring. It exploits the elastic belongingss of a tight hydraulic quiet, which moving as a liquid spring, accelerates & A decelerates each engine valve during it s opening & A shutting gestures. This is the rule of the hydraulic pendulum. Like a mechanical pendulum, the hydraulic pendulum involves variation of possible energy into ki plunderic energy & A so back into possible energy with minimal energy loss. During acceleration, the energy of the valve gesture is returned to the runny. This takes topographic point twain during valve gap & A shutting. Convalescence of energizing energy is the key to the low energy ingestion of this system.The figure 5.1 shows the hydraulic pendulum construct. The system incorporates high & amp unaggressive reservoirs. A little dual acting-piston is fixed to the top of the engine valve that rides in the arm. The raft higher up the piston can be co nnected either to the high or to the unaggressive beginning. The force per unit landing field coarse preceding(prenominal) the piston is significantly macroscopic than the force per unit domain of a function earth below the piston. A aggressive solenoid valve that is undo during the engine valve acceleration & A taenia points during retardant controls the engine valve gap. Opening & A shutting of a nonaggressive solenoid valve controls the valve shutting. The system besides includes high & amp unaggressive check into valves.During the valve gap, the hard-hitting solenoid valve is unfastened, & A the net force per unit plain force forcing on the dual moving Piston accelerates the engine valve downwards. When the solenoid valve fish filet points, force per unit field of view to a higher place the Piston brush asides, & A the Piston decelerates forcing the facile from the lower the great unwashed back into the aggressive reservoir. Low-pressure roving fluxing through the unaggressive cheque valve fills the chroma in a higher place the Piston during slow. When the downward gesture of the valve stops, the cheque valve closes & A the engine valve dust locked in unfastened place.The procedure of the shutting is similar in rule to that of valve gap. The nonaggressive solenoid valve opens, the force per unit stadium above the Piston drops to the degree in the nonaggressive reservoir, & A the net force per unit realm force moving on the Piston accelerates the engine valve upwards. Then the solenoid valve halt points, force per unit discipline above the Piston rises, & A the Piston decelerates forcing the fluid from the volume above it through the hard-hitting cheque valve back into the hard-hitting reservoir.The hydraulic pendulum is a spring less system figure 5.2 shows idealized graphs of acceleration, speed & A valve raise versus clip for the hydraulic pendulum system. The valves plump with changeless acceleration & A slowing due to absence of springs. This permits to execute the unavoidable valve gesture with much smaller net drive force, than in systems, which use springs. In spring lupus erythematosus system the engine valve is the unaccompanied traveling mass. to minimise the changeless drive force in the hydraulic pendulum the gap & A shutting accelerations & A slowing must be equal.To accomplish a symmetric hydraulic pendulum following kind must be maintained between the valve geometry & A the forces moving on the valve.6. VALVE possibility & A ShuttingThe valve gap & A shutting is the six-step procedure, & A in each measure an analogy to mechanical pendulum is shown.In measure 1 the gap ( high-pressure ) solenoid valve is opened, the high-pressure fluid enters the volume above the Piston. The force per unit realm above & A below the Piston become equal, but because of the difference in the force per unit scene of action countries, the changeless net hydraulic force is direct ed downwards. it opens the valve & A accelerates it in the way of the gap. The other solenoid valve & A the two cheque valves remain closed.In measure 2 the gap solenoid valve closes & A the force per unit area above the Piston drops, but the engine valve continues its downward motion due to its im pulse rate. The unaggressive valve opens & A the volume above the Piston is filled with the low-pressure fluid.The downward gesture of the Piston pumps the hard-hitting fluid from the volume below the Piston back into the hard-hitting rail. This recovers the some of the energy cheapness was antecedently spent to speed up the valve. The ratio of the high & As low force per unit area is selected so, that the net force per unit area force is directed upwards the valve decelerates until it exhausts its kinetic energy & A its gesture Michigans.In measure 3 at this point the gap cheque valve closes & A the fluid above the Piston is trapped. This prevents the return gesture of the Pisto n, the engine valve mud fixed in its unfastened place trapped by hydraulic force per unit area on the both sides of the Piston. This is called as unfastened dwell place.In measure 4 valve shutting begins. The shutting ( low-pressure ) solenoid valve opens & A connects the volume above the Piston with low-pressure rail. The net force per unit area force is directed upward & A the engine valve accelerates in the way of shutting, pumping the fluid from the speeding volume back into the low-pressure reservoir. The other solenoid valve & A the other two cheque valves remain closed during acceleration.In measure 5 the shutting solenoid valve closes & A the upper volume is disconnected from the low-pressure rail, but the engine valve continues its upward gesture due to its impulse. Rising force per unit area in the upper volume opens the hard-hitting cheque valve that connects this volume with the high-pressure reservoir. The upward gesture of the wall Piston pumps the fluid from the volume above the Piston into the hard-hitting reservoir. While the. increasing volume below the Piston is filled with the fluid from like reservoir. Since the alteration in volume below the Piston, the net flow of the fluid is into the hard-hitting reservoir. Again as it as the instance during the valve opening energy recovery takes topographic point. Therefore in this system the energy recovery takes topographic point twice each valve event. When the valve exhausts its kinetic energy its gesture Michigans, & A the cheque valve stopping points. Ideally this should ever co-occur with the valve siting on its place. This is nevertheless hard to accomplish. A more practical solution is to convey the valve to a complete halt a constituent of millimetres before it reaches the wall place & A so briefly open the shutting solenoid valve once more. This once more connects the upper volume with the low-pressure reservoir & A the high force per unit area in the lower volume brings the va lve to its to the full closed status.Measure 6 illustrates the valve seating. later that the, shuting solenoid valve is deactivated once more. For the remainder of the rhythm both solenoid valves & A both check valves are closed, the force per unit area above the valve Piston is equal to the force per unit area inTo heighten the ability of changing intake air gesture inside the cylinder unequal valve lift of the two consumption valves is used. This besides facilitates shutting of one valve while other remains unfastened. This can besides be make in instance of two exhaust valves. The lift qualifier is used to moderate the gap of one of the mated valves.The conventional representation of the lift qualifier is as shown in the figure 6.7The qualifier is really a rotatable rod with its axis vertebra perpendicular to the plane of paper. It is installed in the cylinder caput between the two intake valves.The communicating chamber is connected to the high-pressure reservoir.As shown i n instance A when the qualifier is in the impersonal place, both valves operate in unison. In the instance B the qualifier is turned through 90 & A deg clockwise senses. In instance C the lift of one of the valve is reduced comparative to other.7. Operation OF SYSTEMIn camless engine the control of valve train is done by microprocessors such as Phillips 80C552 microprocessor constructed on a wire wrap board along with the needed interfacing circuitry. The detectors sense the status of the engine and give end product indicate to the microprocessor which gives feedback signal to the actuators which controls the lift of the valves so that covet public presentation is obtained7.1 Microprocessor Using a Philips 80C553 microprocessor based on the Intel 8051 architecture. Provide high velocity end products RS232 communications, multiplexed parallel IO noble velocity timers and counters, two external interrupts, four registry Bankss for fast interrupt handling.The processor has to take several existent clip inputs and bring forth a figure of end products.Input signals areSingle flash for every revolution of the crankshaftSingle pulsation for every grade of revolution of the crankshaftEnd productsSignal for commanding the solenoid valve to open and shut the recess.Signal for commanding the solenoid valve to open and shut the fumes.Signal to command the ignition timing7.2 Detectors tyke Angle Sensor / Single vicissitude SensorIs the most critical feedback constituent in the system. It measures the crankshaft rake and supplies it to the micro comptroller to decrypt the place of the crankshaft. cardinal remove gun trigger mechanisms. Therefore two end products. One signal for a individual cylinder revolution and another signal for every grade of the crankshaft rotary motion. ( 360 one-armed bandits in the trigger disc )The detector consists of a twosome of optical pick-up LEDs that decode the slot signals into a 0-5 V square stray type signal. They count the figure of revolutions that occur in a given sum of clip to evaluate the revolutions per minute.Magnetic carriage pickups are much more adept than optical manner pickups.The grouch angle detector is used to mensurate the engine velocity, ignition angle, convergence, and recess valve unfastened angle. An inverting Schmitt trigger for faster borders shapes the end product pulse wave form.The lambda detector is utile in tunning the overlap period. The lambda detector reading gives a utile indicant if the fumes valve closed excessively late in the period of convergence, therefore leting unburnt fuel to get away. little O fluxing through the exhaust manifold additions fuel efficiency and creates less pollution.A thermal underground was used to mensurate the engine temperature. A thermal resistor is a temperature dependent resistance. To mensurate the hold place a potentiometer was used in a electromotive force splitter constellation.7.3 I/O Interface Two in arrangements acquisition cards have been knowing utilizing 82C55 programmable peripheral interface IC s. severally card is connected to the computing machine ISA port and has threesome bi-directional 8bit ports. Address decryption is done through a brace of 74LS138 decipherers. The I/O base acknowledgment can be in the scope 300-31CH merely by turning on one of the eight dipswitches. Along with the 3 8bit ports there is a connexion to the individual(prenominal) computer s +5V, +12V and land tracks. tuition and constitute informations to and from the ports is done through C++ _inp ( ) and _out ( ) maps.The chief purpose of the V.V.T. Engine counseling System package plan is to expose and log engine parametric quantities for all right tunings an engine. The engine measurings are taken by a assortment of detectors and interfaced to a computing machine through hardware. The package is written in optical prefatorial and Visual C++ . Ocular sanctioned does non hold its ain input/output port read/write maps, where as C++ does, hence the reading and composing maps are written in C++ and compiled into a DLL with Visual C++ . These maps can be called from any Visual base lotion.A Dynamic Link program library ( DLL ) is a library of maps able to be called by an natural covering at runtime. The application and maps within the DLL are non bound until the application plan is executed. Ocular radical tonss DLLs when the signifier that contains their Declare statement is loaded.By utilizing a assorted linguistic communication theoretic account both Visual Basic and C++ are used for their strengths. C++ is used to execute port I/O port communications and Visual Basic for its ability to acquire a user interface available for destiny proving rapidly.8. Design APPROCHThe camless engine is designed on the footing of conventional four cylinders, four-valve engine. present head holding to the full compound camless valve train assembly replaces original cylinder caput incorporating conven tional valves, camshafts, springs. A smash-up driven hydraulic pump is added in topographic point of camshaft. As there is no demand of lubrication entree for engine inunct from engine block is closed.8.1 luff It is aluminum casted. The casting is accomplished by all hydraulic transitions linking the system constituents. High and low force per unit area reservoirs are integrated in the caput. The Hydraulic fluid is wholly separate from engine anoint system. Fluid force per unit area is maintained at cut into value of 9Mpa. Besides at lower degree it is supplemented with engine chill outant.The engine valves are buried wholly in cylinder caput. The solenoid valves are kept on top of caput. All the connexions of Hydraulic pump and electrical accountant are at the back terminal of cylinder caput.Two transverse subdivisions of the cylinder caput are shown in the figure. 8.1.1 and 8.1.28.2 Components8.2.1 Engine Valve Here the valve Piston is attached to the top of the valve. tw ain the valve and Piston are able to skid inside a arm. Sleeve gaps are provided above and below the valve Piston leting hydraulic fluid into consumption or exhaust port. There is tight hydraulic clearance provided between the valve and the arm. still the clearance between arm and cylinder caput is comparatively big. This agreement improves the sharpen of the valve in its place. The valve is subjected merely to axial tonss. This reduces stresses clash and wear. Hydraulic fluid circulated through the Chamberss lubricates and cools the engine.8.2.2 Solenoid Valve The solenoid valve has conically shaped magnetic poles. This reduces the air bypass at a given shot. The unremarkably closed valve is hydraulicly balanced. A squiffy spring is required to obtain active shutting clip and to cut down escapes between activations. Faster the solenoid valve closing, better the energy recovery. Highest energy losingss occur while shutting of high or low-pressure solenoid valve, as it occurs at highest Piston speed. The valve lift and the place diameter are selected so as to minimise the hydraulic losingss with a big volume of fluid delivered during each gap. Both high force per unit area & A low-pressure valves are of same design. fig 8.2.2 shows c/s of the valve8.3 hydraulic SYSTEM8.3.1 High mash Pump Ability to fit the measure of fluid delivered by the high force per unit area pump with the existent demands of the system at assorted engine velocities and tonss is critical in guaranting low energy ingestion. To conserve mechanical energy needed to drive the pump, its hydraulic end product should be next to the need.The pump used has a individual bizarre driven speculator and a individual usually unfastened solenoid valve. During each down shot of the speculator barrelful is filled with fluid from low-pressure side of the system. Similarly during upstroke of the speculator fluid is pushed back into the low-pressure subdivision every bit long as solenoid valve is un fastened. Closing the solenoid valve causes speculator to pump the fluid through the cheque valve into hard-hitting side of the system. Hence vacillation in solenoid electromotive force pulse causes fluctuation in measure of high force per unit area fluid delivered by the pump during each revolution.8.3.2 Low Pressure Pump A little electrically goaded pump picks up the oil from the sump and delivers it to the recess of the chief pump. just a little measure of oil is required to counterbalance for escape loss, and to carry equal recess force per unit area for the chief pump. If any extra oil is pumped it returns to the sump through a low-pressure regulator. A cheque valve assures that recess is non subjected to any fluctuations in force per unit area that may8.4 Cool cut Accumulator The system is supplemented with a cool down accumulator, which functions to keep force per unit area of the system in changing conditions.During normal running status it is to the full charged with oil under same force per unit area as in the recess to the chief pump. When engine stops running, the oil in both subdivisions starts chilling and shriveling. As the system force per unit area drops collector discharges oil into the system, therefore counterbalancing the shrinking and forestalling formation of pockets of oil bluess. Hard-hitting pump is connected to the collector via cheque valve, while the low force per unit area pump is through an opening.After the oil in the system is cooled off, collector maintains the system at atmospheric force per unit area by continuously refilling oil that easy leaks of through the leak-off transition. Accumulator recharges every clip engine is restarted.If engine is off for a long clip collector will dispatch wholly. Hence force per unit area will drop below acceptable, leting force per unit area detector to reactivate pump for a short clip to reload the collector. put on of high hydraulic force per unit area in the system satisfies the de mand of maintaining bulk modulus of oil high. In a closed cringle system like this, the force per unit area in low-pressure reservoir can besides be quiet high. Hence the system can run with really high hydraulic force per unit area and still the energy ingestion is in mean scope due to low-pressure derived function.9. FUTURE PlansFuture plans include go oning to polish the engineering for paradigm camless CIDI engines driven by an electronically controlled camless valvetrainPolish the system and constituent design for higher efficiency and consistenceDesign for three different types of unstable media hydraulic fluid/engine oil, Diesel fuel, and antifreeze coolantDevelop electronic control algorithms, package, and hardware for valve timing, lift, soft seating, and shutting controlIntegrate the variable valve timing system with little CIDI enginesCharacterize public presentation envelope, energy ingestion, open- and closed-loop repeatability, and sensitiveness to environmental condit ions of the camless valvetrain system through both air and experimentTest camless valvetrain under assorted engine operation conditionsUpdate dynamic theoretic accounts and simulation of the camless valvetrainDevelop a system and command dynamic theoretical account of CIDI engines and look into the control constellations and schemes by utilizing the proposed actuating system10. DecisionFor the camless operation electrohydraulic valve train is used which control valve timing, lift, speed.Electrohydraulic valve train is built-in with the cylinder caput, which lowers the caput tallness and improves packaging.The system employs the hydraulic pendulum, which contributes low ingestion of energy.Reappraisal of the benefits expected from a camless engine points to significant betterments in public presentation, fuel economic system and emanation over and above what is engines with camshaft based valve trainREFERANCES puzzle out of an Electromechanical Valve Actuator for a camless engine, Yan wang.Higgins Amy, Camless Engines Give natural elevation Performance, Machine Design, October 2000, pg. 72.C.Gray A Review Of varying Engine Valve Timing , SAE paper 880386Variable Valve timing system for Camless Engine Operation, university of Illinois/ University of California, Los Angles.hypertext enthrall communications protocol //www.dieselnet.com/news/0004navistar.htmlhypertext exaltation protocol //www.engineering.ucsb.edu/ywang/research.htmhypertext imparting protocol //www.autospeed.com/cms/A_0910/article.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //www.greendieseltechnology.com/news13.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //www.engineering.ucsb.edu/mdsymp/ppt/stefanop.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.myresearch.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.siemens.de/athypertext transfer protocol // www.highwaystarmagazine.com